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Briefly introduce the three parts of charging infrastructure construction, charging cost and charging method.
With a little attention, it's becoming more common to see friends driving electric cars around us. But how well is the charging infrastructure in our daily lives? Electric vehicles have evolved with various charging technologies, and the question is: which method suits your car best? This article will briefly introduce three key aspects: charging infrastructure development, charging costs, and different charging methods.
China has become the fastest-growing country in terms of charging infrastructure. According to data from charging alliances and public reports, by the end of 2016, China had over 150,000 public charging stations, making it the global leader in this area. In Guangdong province, where the editor is based, the number of charging piles ranks second nationwide. Analysis of the top ten provincial areas shows that cities with vehicle purchase restrictions tend to be more active in building charging infrastructure.
Although the government has issued policies supporting electricity prices for electric vehicle charging and replacement facilities, and has implemented government-guided pricing for service fees, there remains significant variation in electricity and service costs across regions. For example, Jiangxi Province has the highest charging service fee at 1.723 yuan per kWh, while Chongqing has the lowest at 0.336 yuan per kWh.
According to the "Guidelines for the Development of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure (2015–2020)," by 2020, China aimed to add over 12,000 centralized charging stations and more than 4.8 million decentralized charging piles, aiming to reduce "range anxiety" for electric vehicle owners.
After discussing the state of charging infrastructure, let’s take a closer look at the four mainstream charging methods currently available, as they directly affect the convenience of owning an electric vehicle. Choosing a model with mature charging technology, high popularity, and ease of use can greatly enhance the experience.
1. **AC Charging – Ideal for Overnight Use**
AC charging, also known as home charging, involves converting single-phase or three-phase AC power into a suitable voltage using rectification, filtering, and power factor correction before charging the battery. This method typically takes 5–8 hours or even up to 30 hours, making it ideal for vehicles with long downtime, such as overnight charging at home or in a parking space. It is commonly used for non-commercial, long-range, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles like the Chery GS4 PHEV, BYD Song DM, and BMW X1 PHEV.
2. **DC Fast Charging – Quick and Efficient**
Most public charging stations use DC fast charging technology, which allows for significantly faster charging times. A 30kW DC fast charger can charge a vehicle in much less time compared to AC. This method is widely used in urban public charging stations and along highways. Most pure electric vehicles on the market support both AC slow charging and DC fast charging.
3. **Battery Swapping – As Convenient as Fueling**
The bus industry was among the first to adopt battery swapping technology, which offers a charging experience similar to refueling a gasoline car. This method uses fully or semi-automated mechanical equipment to replace the vehicle’s battery quickly, often within 2–10 minutes. In Guangzhou, Beiqi New Energy recently launched 200 electric taxis equipped with battery-swapping systems. These stations are compact and efficient, serving over 150 vehicles per day.
4. **Wireless Charging – Like Charging Your Phone**
Wireless charging technology, based on electromagnetic induction, allows electric vehicles to charge without cables. While this technology is still in its early stages, companies like Nissan and Qualcomm have developed advanced systems. In China, ZTE has partnered with Dongfeng Motor and Yutong Bus to implement wireless charging solutions. However, wireless charging requires precise alignment between coils, and efficiency drops with distance. Currently, most systems achieve over 90% efficiency within a 15–25 cm range, limiting its use for vehicles with higher ground clearance.
Looking ahead, with the government's continued investment in charging infrastructure and the development of inter-city fast-charging networks, the issue of limited charging access is expected to improve. Additionally, as technology advances, future concerns about charging range may no longer be a major obstacle for electric vehicle owners.