The essence of the Internet of Things is the interaction between networks, but interconnection is the prerequisite for the interaction of the Internet of Things. Because the number of objects in the physical world is difficult to count, and the shapes and properties of objects are ever-changing and different, how to connect these strange objects through the network can not only maintain their respective properties and states, but also be able to interact under the intelligent control of the network in the future This is the standard issue that must be considered and constructed in the construction of the Internet of Things. However, with the vigorous development of the Internet in the past 30 years, the development of the Internet of Things in particular has begun to be restricted by network IP addresses. According to some information, global IPv4 addresses may be exhausted in a short period of time. The lack of address space will certainly affect the further development of the Internet. Insufficient network IP addresses severely restrict the application and development of the Internet in China and other countries. Based on this background, this article mainly introduces the issues related to how enterprises should choose the IP protocol in the process of building the Internet of Things. In particular, the inevitability of IPv6 to replace IPv4 and the issues that should be paid attention to when applying IPv6 in the construction of enterprise Internet of Things. 1. The development process of Internet Protocol IP (InternetProtocol, IP) The ultimate goal of Internet construction is: the network is neutral and uncontrolled, no one has the right to make decisions; the application of the network is irrelevant, and the task of the network is how to better transmit datagrams. Therefore, to establish a system that can seamlessly link to other networks and how to design a future-oriented network, a network protocol that everyone accepts is required. This protocol is called the Internet protocol, or the prerequisite for the IP protocol, and is also an important role of the IP protocol. The IP protocol was first formed in the protocol developed by the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (called 1822 protocol). It was replaced by the Network Control Protocol (NCP) in 1970. The purpose of the NCP protocol is to interface the message processor (InterfaceMessageProcessor, IMP), now also known as a router for smart objects, connects various sites on the network. VintCerf and Robert Kahn later designed the network transmission control protocol TCP (TransporiControlProtocol, TCP) to replace the network control protocol NCP. Because the two are not separated, they are collectively called TCP / IP. In the Internet protocol (also called the IP protocol), the two most widely used protocols are the transport protocol TCP and the corner datagram protocol UDP (UserDatagramProtocof, UDP). The transmission protocol is located above the IP protocol, and provides a communication mechanism for applications without directly interacting with the IP layer. The applications do not use IP directly, but communicate with each other through the transport protocol. Since the lower-layer IP network transmits datagrams as much as possible, but there is no guarantee that the datagram can reach the destination, nor can the delivery order of the datagram be the same as the order in which it is sent. Therefore, the user datagram protocol UDP is provided above the IP layer An additional layer was added to solve the previous problem. IP uses addresses to identify hosts on the Internet, and UOP uses ports to identify each process of the host. The port is a 16-bit value. Used to distinguish different senders and receivers for each endpoint. The user datagram protocol UDP provides a best-effort delivery service. IPv4 (TCP version 4) was designed in 1982. It is widely and successfully deployed to hundreds of millions of hosts and routers in a large number of public and private networks worldwide. The development of IPv6 (TCP version 6) started in 1992, and the next-generation Internet protocol designed by IETF aims to replace the existing Internet protocol version 4 (IPV4). After more than ten years of development, the standard system of IPv6 has been basically perfected. In this process, IPv6 gradually optimized the protocol system structure, creating opportunities for business development. With the development of the construction of the Internet of Things, many objects in the objective world must be connected through the network through intelligent objects and be able to interact. This requires the IP protocol to uniquely identify and effectively connect smart objects. Therefore, the expanded network address and the interoperability, scalability, stability and universality of the architecture in the development of network operations have attracted people's attention. Second, the replacement of IPv6 to IPv4: the inevitable development of the Internet of Things The IPv4 protocol has been used for more than 30 years. It is undeniable that IPv4 has played a pivotal role in the development of the Internet. Even today the vast majority of the Internet still uses the 1Pv4 protocol. However, with the rapid development of computers and routers, especially with the rapid development of the Internet of Things. The disadvantages of IPv4 are becoming increasingly obvious. IP6 replaces IP4 as a necessity for the development of the Internet of Things, as follows: (1) The replacement of IPv6 to IPv4 can solve the shortage of network addresses in the development of the Internet of Things Currently, IPv4 address resources are limited. In theory, 16 million networks can be addressed and about 4.3 billion computers can be connected to the Internet. However, after using the three types of addressing methods A, B, and C, the number of available network addresses and host addresses is greatly reduced, so that the current IP addresses are almost exhausted. Recently, the US ARIN released a report that class A addresses have been allocated; 62% of class B addresses have been allocated; 37% of class C addresses have been allocated, and the IPv4 address space will be in danger of being exhausted. The original intention of IPv6 was mainly to address the shortage of IPv4 addresses, that is, from 32bit addresses of IPv4 to 128bit addresses of IPv6, which fully solved the problem of address shortage. At the same time, an interface in an IPv6 network can have one or more IPv6 addresses (including single-pass wave addresses, anycast addresses, and multicast addresses), which further increases the scalability of address applications. (2) The substitution of IPv6 to IPv4 can solve the needs of interoperability, scalability, architectural stability and universality in the development of the Internet of Things 1. IPv6 replaces IPv4 and is more able to adapt to the development of Internet of Things network transmission control. The network can be interconnected. Before any data is improved in the network, a link must be established between the two ports. The link is uniquely determined between the endpoint's IP address and TCP port. TCP provides a reliable byte stream on top of the best-effort IP layer to transmit services. It achieves transmission reliability by slowing down data and combining active confirmation and retransmission mechanisms; at the same time, TCP also provides including establishment and removal A reliable way to link. In short, TCP reduces the complexity of the application at the cost of a larger header and more complex transport layer protocol logic. In the Internet of Things environment, smart objects have the characteristics of low chip memory and low information throughput. At the same time, the UDP protocol used in the Internet of Things environment has two shortcomings: UDP does not provide any recovery mechanism for datagrams lost during transmission. The lost datagram is recovered by the application; at the same time, UDP does not provide any mechanism for the application to cut the data into data blocks of a size suitable for network transmission. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the size of the packet data suitable for network transmission and adjust the datagram accordingly. These functions not only provide transmission reliability, but also provide a mechanism for adaptive packet transmission packet size. These functions require TCP addresses to be able to associate a huge number of smart objects with unique identities. Therefore, IPv6 replaces IPv4 and is more able to adapt to the development of IoT network transmission control. 2. IPv6 replaces IPv4 and can better meet the needs of interoperability, scalability, architectural stability and universality in the development of the Internet of Things With the development of information technology such as the Internet of Things, although smart objects have certain intelligence, they are, after all, unintelligent objects and cannot be used to directly operate the network like humans. Therefore, relative to people, smart objects have more special requirements for network protocols in the Internet of Things, such as scalability, interoperability, architectural stability, and universality. The scalability requirement of the IP protocol for smart objects means that the IP protocol can inherently support the development of smart objects and has a mechanism for sustainable development; the interoperability requirement of smart objects for the IP protocol means that the P protocol can support smart objects and between The sustainable interoperability between smart objects and network infrastructure requires the IP protocol to provide interoperability of networks, applications and protocols in and between different link layers in the network; The demand for the stability and universality of the IP protocol architecture of smart objects means that although the scalability of the IP protocol is very important, the stability and universality of the IP protocol architecture is of great significance to the intelligent objects in the life cycle. In short, the unprecedented success of IPv4 in the past 20 years has proved that the basic idea and framework of IPv4 protocol design are worthy of recognition. IPv6 is not a brand-new network protocol standard. It does not completely overthrow all ideas and structures of IPv4. It summarizes the rich experience and lessons learned from the operation of 1Pv4 in the past 20 years and inherits the main advantages of IPv4 protocol operation. In the end, it was substantially revised and expanded. For example, for the development needs of the Internet of Things, in addition to having a huge address space. IPv6 has developed IPv4 functions, simple and flexible header format, network resources can be pre-allocated, higher security, support for plug and play and mobility. Due to the high technical content of these features, no specific introduction will be given here. Smart objects have special requirements for the IP protocol of the Internet of Things due to their own particularity. The new generation of IPv6 can provide interoperable, scalable, stable and universal network architecture that can span multiple communication technologies for Internet of Things applications and services. Protocol, to replace the Internet with a simple and efficient engine, which can not only solve the current IPv4 address shortage problem, but also get rid of the increasingly complex, difficult to manage and control situation, become more stable, reliable, efficient and safe . 3. The main issues that enterprises should pay attention to when applying IPv6 With the development of various personal intelligent terminals such as 3G communication services, smart phones, and ultra-high-speed home networks, China has started the project of replacing IPv4 with IPv6 in response to insufficient network addresses. This has important practical significance for the construction of the Internet of Things. However, just like every new thing, IPv6 also has its shortcomings. In addition to detailed planning and design, IPv6 should also be paid attention to in transition and security issues. (1) Transitional issues Although IPv4 has the above-mentioned shortcomings and the maturity of the IPv6 protocol standard has an inevitable trend to replace the location of IPv4, the process of this replacement will inevitably undergo a relatively long process. At the same time, although the IETF has fully considered the compatibility with IPv4 when designing IPv6, the two versions are not fully compatible. Therefore, enterprises must consider the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 in the construction of the Internet of Things. The first is the place that should be considered when handling IPv4 to IPv6 migration: Ipv4 and Ipv6 hosts must be interoperable; the use of Ipv6 hosts and routers must be simple and gradually distributed to the entire Internet without too much interdependence; Network administrators and end users must consider this migration easy to understand and perform. The second is to pay attention to the choice of transition technology, that is, dual protocol stack technology, tunnel technology and network address translation technology. (2) Security issues The security problems arising from the introduction of IPv6 mainly come from two aspects: on the one hand, the security problems caused by the defects of IPv6 itself; on the other hand, the security problems caused by the transition technology of IPv6. The security problems caused by the defects of IPv6 include: The security threats encountered by IPv6 mainly include address scanning, illegal access, fragmentation, authentication of routing protocols, worm attacks, attacks on ICMPv6, attacks on neighbor discovery, and State address automatic configuration attacks, etc .; the problems caused by the transition technology are: dual stack technology security problems, tunnel technology security problems, address translation technology security problems, etc. 4. Conclusion and Enlightenment The construction of the Internet of Things needs to "interconnect" and "interact" hundreds of millions of objects. In the process of building the Internet of Things, enterprises should choose the standard of the IP protocol that IPv6 replaces IPv4 is: not only must there be sufficient address resources, IPv6 is required to have better interoperability, scalability, architectural stability and universality in the development of network operations. IPv6 is an IP protocol that is not compatible with IPv4. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 in the construction of the Internet of Things has caused many difficulties in transition. The inspiration to everyone is that they can have unified standards, not only technical standards, but also management standards. If the proportion of technical problems in the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 is greater, then the construction of cloud computing based on the Internet of Things accounting will overcome more management standards that need to be unified. For example, at present, because there is no unified cloud computing standard, companies such as Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and IBM have launched their own cloud computing platforms and cloud computing practice standards. This has led to compatibility issues with services from different vendors. How to collaborate through communication. Turning these practical standards into unified standards requires everyone to work together. 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