Digital-analog hybrid circuit design and simulation difficult inventory

In the design of digital-analog hybrid circuits, the identification of interference sources, interference objects and interference paths is the basis for analyzing the interference of digital-analog hybrid design. In a typical circuit, there are continuously varying voltage and current active components on the analog signal over time. During the design and debugging process, both variables need to be controlled simultaneously, and they are more sensitive to external disturbances, so The interfered object is analyzed; the digital component has only the voltage component quantized by the time-varying threshold, which has higher tolerance to the interference than the analog signal, but the signal changes rapidly, especially the speed of the change is fast. It has a high frequency harmonic component and releases energy externally, usually as a source of interference.

The digital circuit portion, which is the source of interference, mostly uses a CMOS process, resulting in a very high input resistance at the digital signal input, typically in the range of tens of k ohms to mega ohms. Such high internal resistance causes the current on the digital signal to be very weak, so only the voltage effective signal is active. In digital-analog mixed interference analysis, such signals can be used as voltage-type interference sources, such as CLK signals, Reset signals. In addition to fast alternating digital signals, the synchronous switching noise (SSN) due to pin inductance and mutual inductance on the power pins of digital signals is also an important type of voltage-type interference source in digital-analog hybrid circuits. In addition, there are some current signals in the circuit, especially the power signal between the DC power supply and the device load. According to the right-handed spiral theorem, a magnetic field is induced around the current signal, which causes a changing electric field. The DC power supply acts as a current-type interference source.

Regardless of the voltage type or the current type of interference source, when coupled to the interfered object, it may be conducted through circuit conduction coupling, spatial electromagnetic field coupling, or both. However, general simulation analysis tools are often limited by function and can only analyze one of them. For example, in the traditional SPICE circuit simulation tool, only the circuit conduction type interference is considered, and the coupling of the space electromagnetic field is not considered; and the general PCB signal integrity (SI) analysis tool only examines the space electromagnetic field coupling, and all the power sources, The ground is regarded as an ideal DC DC, which is not considered for analysis. The incompleteness of the coupling path extraction is also an important reason for the analysis of digital-analog mixed noise.

In the digital-analog hybrid design, the division of power and ground is the focus of debate in the industry. In the traditional design, the digital analog part is strictly separated; however, as the system becomes more and more complex, the integration of the digital-to-analog circuit is continuously improved, and the segmentation will cause the digital signal to be split across, the signal reflow is incomplete, and thus the signal integrity is affected. The splitting of the power supply also causes the impedance of the power distribution system to be too high; some people have proposed "single-point connection": still do segmentation, but single-point connection under the cross-segmented signal to avoid cross-segmentation; but if there are many signals between digital and analog It is difficult to separate, this "single-point connection" is also difficult, so some people have proposed not to split, just keep the digital and analog parts not to cross; there are some data to introduce the ground line or parallel capacitor next to the cross-segmented signal, Used to provide a complete return path. Either way, there seems to be some truth, and there are precedents for success. However, the validity of all these segmentation schemes and possible problems have not been tested.

The simulation of the digital-analog hybrid circuit also has problems with the model. The commonly accepted analog circuit simulation model is also the SPICE model, and the digital circuit signal integrity analysis uses the IBIS model. Many EDA companies' simulation software has introduced hybrid model simulators that support multiple models. However, the main difficulty in the designer's desk is that device models, especially analog device models, are difficult to obtain. In the digital design view, the transient analysis in the time domain, that is, the voltage value determined at a certain point in time, is the main means of simulation, as intuitive as the oscilloscope in debugging. Without an accurate model, transient analysis cannot be achieved. However, for analog design, especially noise analysis, the excitation source is difficult to describe or difficult to predict on the time axis. Only his frequency bandwidth range and approximate amplitude are known. At this time, we usually introduce frequency domain sweep analysis to investigate the frequency sweep signal. The change in focus is like the role of a spectrum analyzer. Or simply consider the frequency domain SYZ parameters of the channel through which the signal or noise passes, as in the case of a network analyzer (NA), and then predict the frequency and magnitude of the interference. It can be seen that the digital-analog mixed-noise analysis requires both an emulator that supports the hybrid model and an emulator that supports both time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis.

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