Although the oscilloscope is divided into several types, there are many types of various types, but the general oscilloscope is the same in the basic aspects of the method of use except that the bandwidth and input sensitivity are not completely the same. (1) Panel device Its panel unit can be divided into three parts according to its position and function: display, vertical (Y-axis), horizontal (X-axis). The functions of these three partial control devices are now introduced separately. 1. The main control parts of the display section are: (1) Power switch. (2) Power indicator. (3) Brightness adjusts the brightness of the spot. (4) Focus adjustment of the spot or waveform clarity. (5) Auxiliary focus with the “Focus†knob to adjust the brightness. (6) Scale brightness adjusts the brightness of the scale line on the coordinate sheet. (7) Tracking When the button is pressed down, the spot that deviates from the screen is returned to the display area, and the spot position is found. (8) The standard signal output 1 kHz, 1 V square wave calibration signal is derived therefrom. Add to the Y-axis input to calibrate the Y-axis input sensitivity and X-axis scan speed. 2.Y-axis plug-in part (1) The display mode selection switch is used to convert the control components of the two Y-axis preamplifiers YA and YB, and has five different display modes: “Alternateâ€: When the display mode switch is placed “alternateâ€, the electronic switch is controlled by the scan signal, and the YA or YB signal is turned on in turn for each scan. When the frequency of the signal under test is higher, the frequency of the scanning signal is also higher. Electricity The sub-switch conversion rate is also faster and there is no flicker. This state of operation is suitable for observing two signals with a higher operating frequency. “Intermittentâ€: When the display mode switch is placed “intermittentâ€, the electronic switch is not controlled by the scanning signal, and generates a square wave signal with a fixed frequency of 200 kHz, so that the electronic switch quickly alternates between YA and YB. Since the switching action frequency is higher than the measured signal frequency, the two channel signal waveforms displayed on the screen are intermittent. When the frequency of the measured signal is high, the intermittent phenomenon is very obvious, and even cannot be observed; when the frequency of the measured signal is low, the intermittent phenomenon is masked. Therefore, this operating state is suitable for observing two signals with lower operating frequencies. “YAâ€, “YBâ€: When the display mode switch is set to “YA†or “YBâ€, it means that the oscilloscope is working in single channel. At this time, the oscilloscope works in the same way as a single trace oscilloscope, that is, “YA†can only be displayed separately. Signal waveform of the "YB" channel. “YA YBâ€: When the display mode switch is set to “YA YBâ€, the electronic switch does not work. Both the YA and YB signals pass through the amplifier and the gate circuit. The oscilloscope will display the waveforms superimposed by the two signals. (2) "DC-⊥-AC" Y-axis input selection switch is used to select the coupling mode of the signal to be tested connected to the input terminal. Placed in "DC" is direct coupling, can input AC signal with DC component; placed in "AC" position, realize AC coupling, can only input AC component; when placed in "⊥" position, Y-axis input terminal is grounded, this The time base displayed at the time is generally used as a reference reference for testing the zero level of the DC voltage. (3) "fine-tuning V/div" sensitivity selection switch and fine-tuning device. The sensitivity is selected to open the relational sleeve structure, and the black knob is the Y-axis sensitivity coarse adjustment device, which is divided into 11 files from 10mv/div to 20v/div. The red knob is a fine adjustment device. When the clockwise direction is increased to full scale, it is the calibration position. You can read the amplitude of the signal under test by the value indicated by the coarse adjustment knob. When the knob is turned counterclockwise to full scale, its range of variation should be greater than 2.5 times. Continuously adjust the “fine-tuning†potentiometer to achieve sensitivity coverage between the various grades. When making quantitative measurements, the knob should be placed in the same direction. The "calibration" position of the hour hand fullness. (4) “Balance†When the input circuit of the Y-axis amplifier is unbalanced, the displayed spot or waveform will shift in the Y-axis direction with the “fine adjustment†of the “V/div†switch, and the “balance†potential will be adjusted. The device can minimize this displacement. (5) “↑↓†Y-axis displacement potentiometer to adjust the vertical position of the waveform. (6) The polarity of the "polarity, pull YA" YA channel is converted by the pull switch. When the YA channel signal is inverted, the display mode is YB - YA when the display mode (YA YB ) is displayed. (7) "Internal trigger, pull YB" trigger source selection switch. At the pressed position (normal), the scan trigger signals are taken from the input signals of the YA and YB channels respectively, and are adapted to the single or double trace display, but the time between the double trace waveforms cannot be compared. When the switch is pulled out, the scanning trigger signal is only taken from the input signal of the YB channel, so it is suitable for comparing the time and phase difference of the two waveforms in the double trace display. (8) The Y-axis input socket adopts the BNC type socket, and the signal to be measured is input directly or via the probe. 3.X axis plugin section (1) "t/div" scan speed selection switch and fine adjustment knob. The speed of the spot movement of the X-axis is determined by this, and is divided into 21 steps from 0.2 μs to 1 s. When the switch "fine adjustment" potentiometer rotates clockwise and is connected to the switch, it is the "calibration" position. At this time, the indication value of "t/div" is the actual value of the scanning speed. (2) "Extension, pull & TImes; 10" scanning speed expansion device. It is a pull-type switch that is normally used in the pressed state, and the scanning speed of the pull position is increased by 10 times. The indication value of "t/div" should also be counted accordingly. The "Expanded Pull & TImes; 10" is used to observe the waveform details. (3) "→â†" X-axis position adjustment knob. The horizontal position adjustment potentiometer of the X-axis light track is a sleeve shaft structure. The outer ring knob is a coarse adjustment device. Rotate the baseline clockwise to the right and counterclockwise to move the baseline to the left. The small knob placed on the sleeve shaft is a fine adjustment device for the adjustment of the extended signal. (4) "External trigger, X external connection" socket adopts BNC type socket. When using an external trigger, it acts as a socket to connect an external trigger signal. It can also be used as a signal input socket when the X-axis amplifier is externally connected. Its input impedance is approximately 1 MΩ. When used externally, the peak value of the input signal should be less than 12V. (5) "Trigger Level" knob trigger level adjustment potentiometer knob. Trigger point for selecting the input signal waveform. Specifically, it is time to adjust the start of the scan to determine at which point in the trigger signal waveform the scan is triggered. When rotated clockwise, the trigger point tends to the positive part of the signal waveform, and when it is rotated counterclockwise, the trigger point tends to the negative part of the signal waveform. (6) "Stability" triggers the stability fine adjustment knob. It is used to change the working state of the scanning circuit, and should generally be in a state to be triggered. The adjustment method is to set the Y-axis input coupling mode selection (AC-ground-DC) switch to the ground position, and set the V/div switch to the highest sensitivity level. When the level knob is turned away from the self-excited state, use A small screwdriver rotates the stability potentiometer clockwise to the end, and the scanning circuit generates a self-excited scan. At this time, the scan line appears on the screen; then the counterclockwise direction is slowly rotated, so that the scan line just disappears. At this point, the scanning circuit is in a state to be triggered. In this state, when measuring with an oscilloscope, as long as the level knob is adjusted, a stable waveform can be obtained on the screen, and the starting point position of the waveform on the selection screen can be freely adjusted. For a few oscilloscopes, when the stability potentiometer is turned counterclockwise, the scan line appears on the screen; then the clockwise direction is slowly rotated, so that the scan line on the screen just disappears, and the scan circuit is in a state to be triggered. (7) "Inside and outside" trigger source selection switch. When placed in the "in" position, the scan trigger signal is taken from the signal under test of the Y-axis channel; when placed in the "outer" position, the trigger signal is taken from the external trigger signal introduced by the "external trigger X external" input. (8) "AC" "AC(H)" "DC" triggers the coupling mode switch. The “DC†file is a DC-coupled state suitable for trigger signals that change slowly or at very low frequencies (eg, below 100 Hz). The "AC" file is an AC-coupled state. Since the DC component in the trigger is blocked, the trigger performance is not affected by the DC component. The "AC(H)" file is an AC-coupled state of low-frequency suppression. When observing a high-frequency composite wave containing low-frequency components, the trigger signal is coupled through a high-pass filter, suppressing low-frequency noise and low-frequency trigger signals (low frequencies below 2 MHz) Component), eliminating waveform turbulence caused by false triggering. (9) "High frequency, normal, automatic" trigger mode switch. It is used to select different triggering methods to adapt to different measured signals and test purposes. "High frequency" file, when the frequency is very high (such as higher than 5MHz), and there is not enough amplitude to make the trigger stable, select this file. At this time, the scanning is in a high-frequency trigger state, and the high-frequency signal (200 kHz signal) generated by the oscilloscope itself synchronizes the measured signals. It is not necessary to adjust the level knob frequently, the stable waveform can be displayed on the screen, and the operation is convenient, which is beneficial to observe the high-frequency signal waveform. The "normal" file, which uses the input signal from the Y-axis or external contact source for trigger scanning, is a commonly used trigger scanning method. "Automatic" block, the scan is in the automatic state (similar to the high-frequency trigger mode), but you can observe the stable waveform without adjusting the level knob. It is easy to operate and is good for observing signals at lower frequencies. (10) ", -" trigger polarity switch. In the “ †position, the rising portion of the trigger signal is selected, and in the “-†position, the falling portion of the trigger signal is used to trigger the scanning circuit. (2) Inspection, adjustment and calibration before use Before the oscilloscope is used for the first time or when it is stored for a long time, it is necessary to perform a simple check of whether it can work or not, and adjust the stability of the scanning circuit and the DC balance of the vertical amplifier circuit. The oscilloscope must also calibrate the vertical amplification circuit gain and horizontal scan speed when performing quantitative tests on voltage and time. The calibration method of the oscilloscope's normal operation, the vertical amplification circuit gain and the horizontal scanning speed calibration method, because the calibration signal of various types of oscilloscopes have different parameters such as amplitude and frequency, the inspection and calibration methods are slightly different. (three) use steps The oscilloscope can observe the waveform of various electrical signal amplitudes with time. On this basis, the oscilloscope can be applied to measure voltage, time, frequency, phase difference and amplitude modulation. The following describes the steps to use the oscilloscope to observe the waveform of an electrical signal. 1. Select the Y-axis coupling method According to the frequency of the signal under test, the "AC-ground-DC" switch is placed in the Y-axis input coupling mode to AC or DC. 2. Select Y-axis sensitivity According to the approximate peak-to-peak value of the signal under test (if the attenuation probe is used, it should be divided by the attenuation factor; when the DC mode is taken in the coupling mode, the superimposed DC voltage value should also be considered), and the Y-axis sensitivity should be selected as the V/div switch (or Y-axis attenuation switch) is placed in the appropriate gear stage. In actual use, if you do not need to read the measured voltage value, you can adjust the Y-axis sensitivity fine-tuning (or Y-axis gain) knob to make the waveform of the desired height appear on the screen. 3. Select trigger (or sync) signal source and polarity The trigger (or sync) signal polarity switch is normally placed in the " " or "-" position. 4. Select the scanning speed The X-axis scan speed t/div (or scan range) switch is placed at the appropriate level based on the approximate value of the measured signal period (or frequency). In actual use, if you do not need to read the time value, you can adjust the sweep speed t / div fine adjustment (or scan fine adjustment) knob to display the waveform of the number of cycles required for the test. If you need to observe the edge of the signal, the sweep t/div switch should be placed in the fastest sweep. 5. Input the signal under test After the signal to be measured is attenuated by the probe (or directly input by the coaxial cable without attenuation, but the input impedance is reduced and the input capacitance is increased), the oscilloscope is input through the Y-axis input terminal.
The PV Charge Controller works as a voltage regulator, its primary function is to prevent the Battery from being overcharged by the P.V array, being overly discharged by the load, or both.
Controller types:
• Single Stage controllers:
This type of controllers prevents battery overcharging by switching the PV array off when the battery voltage reaches the state of charge set point. The array and battery are automatically reconnected when the battery voltage reaches a lower value called the charge resumption.
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controllers:
PWM controllers are the most common controller on the market today. These charge the battery by rapidly switching the full charging current on and off when the battery reaches a fully charged state. The length of the charging current pulse gradually decreases as battery voltage rises, reducing the average current into the battery.
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