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How is the chip developed? _ chip development process in detail
The natural sensitivity of humans to visual signals has made the demand for advanced graphics processing hardware one of the hottest topics in the tech industry today. While audio equipment satisfies our sense of hearing, the current state of graphics processing technology still offers plenty of room for improvement. This creates a highly competitive environment where even small technological or marketing missteps can lead to falling behind. To stay ahead, manufacturers are constantly pushing the boundaries of GPU performance, making chip design and development a crucial aspect of maintaining market relevance.
Today, we’ll take you on a detailed journey through the entire process of how a graphics chip is developed—from initial planning to final testing. Most chip designers follow a structured approach, but each company may have its own unique methods. Let’s dive into the world of chip design and uncover what makes this complex process so vital.
A "chip" refers to an integrated circuit that has been designed, manufactured, packaged, and tested. It's a self-contained unit ready for immediate use. The term "integrated circuit" (IC) is often used interchangeably with "chip," but there is a subtle distinction. An IC is more about the circuit itself, while a chip emphasizes the physical implementation, including packaging and integration. In broader terms, any semiconductor device made using microfabrication techniques can be considered a chip—such as light-emitting diodes, MEMS sensors, or biochips. However, in the context of computing, the term usually refers to silicon-based circuits.
When it comes to designing a new GPU, the first step is always market research and product planning. Companies evaluate future trends, target markets, and define product specifications. These decisions shape the overall R&D strategy, including budget, timeline, and resource allocation. Once the direction is set, the next step involves choosing the right manufacturing process. Factors like transistor count, production cost, and foundry capabilities play a major role here. Selecting an advanced process, such as 90nm or 7nm, requires close collaboration with chip manufacturers like TSMC to ensure compatibility and avoid costly delays.
After defining the technical requirements, the team begins designing the chip architecture. This phase is typically carried out using Hardware Description Languages (HDLs), such as Verilog or VHDL. These languages allow engineers to describe the behavior of digital circuits, which can then be synthesized into actual gate-level designs. For example, a simple statement like `always @(posedge clock) Q <= D;` in Verilog describes how data is stored in a flip-flop on a clock edge. Such code forms the basis of the chip’s logic and determines its functionality.
Once the design is complete, it goes through extensive verification. This includes functional testing, timing analysis, and simulation to ensure everything works as intended. Any bugs or flaws discovered at this stage could result in expensive rework and missed market opportunities. Engineers also test analog components, power management systems, and signal integrity, which require complex calculations and simulations.
Finally, the design is sent to the foundry for fabrication. Before mass production, the design undergoes a final test using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to verify its real-world performance. This step is especially critical for complex chips like NVIDIA’s NV30, which contains over 100 million transistors. The entire process involves billions of simulated instructions, ensuring that the chip meets all performance and reliability standards before being released to the market.