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Detailed steps and methods for patch antennas to solve diversity and multi-frequency problems
In the realm of handheld and portable wireless devices, such as smartphones and wearable electronics, microchips, patches, and wire antennas are essential components. These small-scale solutions address the challenge of integrating multi-band antenna arrays into compact systems, yet they introduce new issues like reduced radiation efficiency, impedance mismatch, and interference from nearby objects or human bodies.
To tackle these challenges, designers have shifted toward innovative design and circuit techniques, transforming antennas from standalone parts into dynamic subsystems capable of overcoming many of the earlier limitations. This evolution demands extensive simulation and analysis, which modern field solver software now efficiently supports.
The transition from traditional external whip or short antennas to chip and patch antennas is driven by several factors. Aesthetics and durability are key concerns, but performance considerations also play a major role. For example, smartphones often require multiple antennas in a single frequency band for diversity, improving signal quality. Similarly, multi-band devices—especially those supporting 5G—necessitate separate antennas for each supported frequency.
Despite their advantages, chip and patch antennas have their own limitations. Chip antennas, for instance, use a multilayer ceramic structure to resonate at a target frequency. They are small and easy to integrate onto PCBs, but their efficiency is typically lower (around 40–50%) and sensitive to environmental factors like board layout, nearby components, and user interaction.
An alternative is the patch antenna, which is larger but flatter and can be placed inside the device casing, away from potential sources of distortion. For example, the Pulse Electronics W6112B0100 supports MIMO LTE applications and achieves higher efficiency (up to 75%) depending on the frequency band.
Another option is the PCB trace antenna, which uses etched layers of the board itself to form the antenna. While cost-effective and flexible, it requires more space and is highly sensitive to layout and component placement.
When multiple antennas are involved, switching between them becomes necessary. Electromechanical switches were once common, but for compact and fast-switching applications, electronic switches like PIN diode or solid-state types are preferred. The Peregrine Semiconductor PE42422MLAA-Z, for example, offers low insertion loss and fast switching times, making it ideal for RF applications.
Antenna performance is heavily influenced by its environment. Nearby components, shielding, and even user interaction can shift the resonant frequency and degrade efficiency. To counteract this, dynamic tuning methods—such as closed-loop or hole-tuning—are used to adjust the antenna’s impedance and maintain optimal performance.
Simulation tools are crucial in designing these systems. Field solvers allow engineers to model not just the antenna but also the entire surrounding environment, ensuring that theoretical performance aligns with real-world conditions.
In conclusion, while antennas may seem simple, they are complex electromagnetic components that convert electrical signals into radio waves and vice versa. Modern designs, including ceramic chips, flat patches, and PCB traces, reflect the need for compact, efficient, and adaptable solutions. Achieving this requires careful system-level analysis and advanced simulation tools to ensure reliable performance in real-world scenarios.
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