Laser radar contains LSPD safety laser scanner and LS laser radar. LSPD safety laser scanner is type 3 with CE certificate. It can be used for agv safety and industrial area protection. LS laser radar is for agv guide. Many famous agv manufacturers has installed LS laser radar to guide their agvs. Feedback from customers are quite posotive. Laser Radar,Auto Guided Vehicle Guide Radar, Laser Radar,Safety Scanner,Safety Laser Scanner, Laser Radar Jining Keli Photoelectronic Industrial Co.,Ltd , https://www.sdkelien.com
Common video encoding formats and case depth analysis
MPEG-2 Transport Stream (MPEG-2 TS) is a widely used standard in digital video broadcasting, designed for reliable transmission of audio, video, and data over unreliable channels. Unlike the Program Stream (PS), which is more suited for storage applications such as DVDs, the Transport Stream is specifically optimized for real-time transmission. This makes it ideal for broadcast TV, satellite transmissions, and streaming services where data integrity and error resilience are crucial.
One key difference between MPEG-2 PS and TS lies in their structure. The PS stream uses variable-length packets, which can lead to synchronization issues if part of the data is lost or corrupted. In contrast, the TS stream uses fixed-size packets—typically 188 bytes—which allows for easier error detection and recovery. This feature ensures that even if a portion of the stream is damaged, the rest of the content can still be decoded and played back without interruption.
The basic building blocks of an MPEG-2 TS include Elementary Streams (ES), which are raw streams of video, audio, or data. These ES streams are then encapsulated into PES (Packetized Elementary Stream) packets, which add timing information such as Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) and Decoding Time Stamp (DTS). These timestamps help maintain proper synchronization during playback.
Once the PES packets are created, they are further divided into fixed-size transport packets, each containing a header with essential metadata like the Packet Identifier (PID). These PID values allow receivers to identify and extract specific types of data, such as video, audio, or subtitles, from the overall stream.
In addition to the payload, each transport packet also includes a Program Clock Reference (PCR), which helps synchronize the decoder’s clock with the encoder’s clock. Alongside this, Program Specific Information (PSI) tables are embedded within the TS stream. These tables provide critical information about the structure of the program, including the location of different elementary streams and their associated PIDs.
The advantages of the TS format are numerous. It supports dynamic bandwidth allocation, allowing efficient use of available channel capacity by assigning different PIDs to various components of the stream. This flexibility is particularly useful for pay-TV services, where encryption keys can be inserted in real time. Additionally, the TS format is highly scalable, making it possible to combine multiple streams into a single transport stream for broader distribution.
Another major benefit is its robustness against transmission errors. Because of the fixed-size packets and built-in error correction mechanisms, even in noisy environments, the TS stream can maintain high-quality playback. This makes it a preferred choice for satellite, terrestrial, and cable broadcasting systems.
The process of generating an MPEG-2 TS stream involves several steps. First, the raw video and audio signals are digitized and compressed using MPEG-2 encoding. This produces the elementary streams. These are then packaged into PES packets, which are further segmented into transport packets. Each transport packet is assigned a unique PID and includes timing and control information before being transmitted as part of the overall TS stream.
Overall, the MPEG-2 Transport Stream has become the backbone of modern digital television due to its reliability, efficiency, and adaptability. Whether you're watching live TV, streaming content online, or receiving signals via satellite, the TS format plays a critical role in ensuring smooth and uninterrupted delivery of media.